Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR), ISSN No. 2348-0335 is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer reviewed online Journal. JOAPR primarily focuses on publication of manuscript related to multiple disciplines of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy) and Clinical studies in all areas of human disease and medicine. JOAPR is published bimonthly from August 2023 (earlier quarterly). JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publishes original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough plagiarism checking and peer reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Brief Information about JOAPR
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder affecting many women during their reproductive years. It is characterized by oligo/amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles, polycystic ovaries, and insulin resistance. This review explores the hormonal and metabolic alterations associated with PCOS, comparing them to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA). Key aspects include the abnormally high LH pulse frequency in PCOS, indicating hyperactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and the role of hyperandrogenemia in exacerbating the condition by increasing LH pulse secretion from the pituitary gland. Additionally, the review examines the neuroendocrine basis for PCOS. Methods: The methodology involved analyzing neuroendocrine pathways and physical manifestations through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. Findings indicate that PCOS is primarily characterized by androgen excess, ovulatory dysfunction, and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Hormonal dysregulation includes disturbances in GnRH, insulin, LH/FSH ratio, and androgens. GnRH stimulates LH and FSH release from the pituitary, regulating ovarian function, while Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) inhibits follicular development in PCOS. Conclusion: The review concludes by highlighting the hormonal alterations, including decreased frequency and amplitude of LH pulses, disruptions in GnRH, LH, and FSH. Genetic predispositions and disturbances in the LH/FSH ratio can lead to impaired follicle growth and polycystic ovaries. This comprehensive exploration underscores the importance of understanding the hormonal and neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying PCOS, contributing to better diagnosis and treatment strategies
Shalini Jamwal Abhishek Soni Copyright (c) 2024 Shalini Jamwal, Abhishek Soni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 01 15 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.1.15 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/420Background: The evaluation of toxicity is of paramount importance in the screening of a new compound. Basella alba mucilage possesses a versatile excipient property that can be innovated with its chemical modification to get the functionalized mucilage. A few pharmacological activities of Basella alba mucilage have also been reported earlier, but its toxicity study in rats has yet to be discussed. Aim: The study aims to assess the in vivo toxicity of carboxymethylated Basella alba mucilage in Wistar albino rats for 28 days. Material and Methods: In the current investigation, Carboxymethylated Basella alba mucilage is taken, and its subchronic toxicity study is carried out in forty-eight healthy rats (twenty-four male rats and 24 female rats), divided into four groups containing six rats of each sex. All the biochemical and hematological parameters and histopathological investigation were estimated for all the animal groups. Result: The subchronic toxicity study reveals that the modified mucilage is safe for all doses (20mg/kg body weight, 40mg/kg body weight, 80 mg/kg body weight). The study showed no significant difference in the dose group's behavioral toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity compared to the control. All the hematological and biochemical parameters lay in the normal range. The histopathological examination of treatment groups showed no abnormality or lesion in the tissue samples of internal organs. Conclusion: The study confirms the safety of Carboxymethylated Basella alba mucilage for use in pharmaceutical formulations.
Moumita Chowdhury Pintu Kumar De Himangshu Sekhar Maji Dibya Das Copyright (c) 2024 Moumita Chowdhury, Pintu Kumar De, Himangshu Sekhar Maji, Dibya Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 16 26 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.16.26 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/457Objective: The objective of the study is to create and validate the easy, dependable, accurate, sensitive, and selective RP-HPLC method for estimating Cariprazine HCl in human plasma. Methodology: The sample was prepared using the protein precipitation extraction method. The chromatographic separation was performed with an AGILENT C18 column (250mm x 4.6ID) as the stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of a 75:25 v/v solution of Methanol and 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. The DAD detector was used to carry out the detection at 253 nm. Cariprazine HCl had a reduced retention duration of 2.46 minutes. Results & Discussion: The calibration curve had a correlation coefficient of 0.998 and was linear over the concentration range of 1–5µg/ml. The method's accuracy was shown at levels between 80%, 100%, and 120% of the specification limit. The developed method exhibited excellent precision, with interday precision ranging from 0.07% to 1.77% and intraday precision from 0.03% to 0.26%. It was discovered that the recovery of Cariprazine HCl was within the 98% range. Cariprazine HCl was discovered to have a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.053µg/ml, and the Limit of Quantification was found to be 0.160µg/ml. Conclusion: The solution was injected in duplicate, and the % RSD was measured. The results indicate that the proposed method can be effectively utilized for the routine analysis of Cariprazine HCl in human plasma. The forced degradation studies indicate that the drug is susceptible to Hydrolytic and Photolytic degradation
Mohini Shelke Rahul Godge Tejas Sahane Onkar Pawar Sujata Kasar Copyright (c) 2024 Mohini Shelke, Rahul Godge, Tejas Sahane, Onkar Pawar, Sujata Kasar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 27 34 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.27.34 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/444Background: HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Receptor 2) positive breast cancer is an aggressive subtype. Treatment for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer has advanced significantly over time with the introduction of targeted therapies like trastuzumab, pertuzumab, lapatinib, trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab, deruxtecan, and tucatinib. In a lower-middle-income nation, accessibility is still problematic for any newer therapy. This study aimed to describe the safety and practical effectiveness of the first T-DM1 biosimilar in India for treating patients with HER2-positive mBC. Methodology: This is a retrospective, observational, single-center study of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer treated with T-DM1 biosimilar. The study involved 16 mBC patients. The primary goal was to assess T-DM1's effectiveness regarding PFS and ORR, with safety and OS as the secondary goals. Results: The ORR was observed to be 81.3%. One (6.29%) of the patients achieved CR, while 3 patients (18.8%) are on stable disease, and 12 patients (75 %) achieved PR. The major adverse events reported among study patients were thrombocytopenia (31.25%) and anemia (31.25%), followed by neutropenia, hyperglycemia, and fatigue in 12.5 % of cases. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia was seen in 2 patients, and grade 3-4 fatigue was observed in 1 patient. Median PFS was nearly six months, and OS data is available for only 25% of patients; the rest continue the therapy. Conclusion: This retrospective observational study offers significant information about the safety and efficacy of T-DM1 biosimilar in treating HER2 positive mBC.
Vindhya Vasini Mohana Vamsy Monal Dayal Pawan Shinkar Copyright (c) 2024 Vindhya Vasini, Mohana Vamsy , Monal Dayal, Pawan Shinkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 35 41 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.35.41 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/450Background: This study was to develop loratadine (LTD) emulgels to treat localized skin allergy. Method: Initially oil-in-water emulsion was prepared by 3 different types of surfactants & finally gelling agent carbopol 940 was incorporated into emulsion to produce emulgel (i.e., standard conventional method). Results: The developed formulations were characterized using various parameters including particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficacy (EE), pH, extrusion efficacy, physical stability, in-vitro drug release studies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PS, EE, PDI, ZP and In-vitro studies ranges between 186.25 ± 6.42 mm (LE-F4) to 395.24 ± 8.64 mm (LE-F1), 62.38 ± 0.36 % (LE-F2) to 76.48 ± 0.69 % (LE-F4), 0.276 ± 0.02 (LE-F4) to 0.652 ± 0.02 (LE-F1), 16.45 ± 2.13 mV (LE-F1) to 29.46 ± 2.78 mV (LE-F3) and 21.90 ± 0.3 % (LE-F1) to 68.30±0.9 % (LE-F4) respectively. Conclusion: Based on all physicochemical properties, LE-F4 formulation was considered to be optimized with minimum PS (186.25±6.42 nm), PDI (0.276±0.02), satisfactory positive surface charge (23.15 ± 1.89 mV) and maximum EE (76.48±0.69 %). FTIR studies were confirmed that there is no physical interaction between drug and excipients and SEM studies revealed that vesicle size was spherical with smooth texture. A significantly greater rate of drug release (i.e., 68.30 ± 0.90%) was seen in the LTD emulgels that were made with cationic surfactant (i.e., LE-F4) and found to be good spreadability and extrudability.
Chandana Setty Sharaff Pranay Renukuntla Himabindu Peddapalli Mounika Kuchukuntla Vasudha Bakshi Rajendra Kumar Jadi Copyright (c) 2024 Chandana Setty Sharaff, Pranay Renukuntla, Himabindu Peddapalli, Mounika Kuchukuntla, Vasudha Bakshi, Rajendra Kumar Jadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 42 50 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.42.50 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/463Background: Recent studies have emphasized that people who have low levels of Vitamin D are more prone to the development of infectious diseases, particularly of a community-acquired nature, which has differential morbidity and mortality. Aims & objectives: The present study aimed to determine the correlation between different levels of vitamin D deficiency and severity and outcomes in patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: In this study, the serum level of Vitamin D of 100 consecutively admitted community-acquired pneumonia patients was measured. Depending on the level of Vitamin D deficiency, patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were assessed for severity of illness by CURB-65 score. Results & Discussion: In the study population, out of 100 patients, 82% of the study sample had deficient serum vitamin D levels. In the study sample, 41 patients with higher deficiency levels of serum Vitamin D have severe illness and scored high on CURB- 65, which is in the range of three to four on the scale. 59 patients with low deficiency levels of serum Vitamin D had low scores of one or two on the CURB-65. On severity assessment in patients with severe deficiency of Vitamin D, the mean length of hospital admission was 12.30±8.47 days compared to patients with mild deficiency of Vitamin D, where the average hospital stay was 8.58±4.04 days. Conclusion: As the severity of deficiency of Vitamin D increases, the frequency of CAP increases, and it is also observed that a severe degree of deficiency is associated with severe illness and prolonged hospital stay.
Sai Varun M Deepthi Mudipalli Copyright (c) 2024 M Sai Varun, Mudipalli Deepthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 51 56 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.51.56 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/458Aim: An RP-HPLC method for Vericiguat using the QbD approach was developed and validated by ICH guidelines. Method: The ICH (Q2R1) guidelines have been followed in the development and validation of an RP-HPLC technique by considering several validation parameters like linearity, precision, LOD, LOQ, and accuracy. The study was performed on Agilent Tech using the C18 column (4.6x250 mm; 5 µm) and Chemstation 10.1 software with statistical data analysis, and the detector used was UV (DAD). Results: The mobile phase used for separation was Methanol: 0.1% OPA in the ratio of (76:24) at room temperature, the flow rate was 0.8ml/min, and the wavelength was 331nm. The results indicated that the quantification limit was 0.7209 µg/ml, and the detection limit was 0.2379 µg/ml. Conclusion: The validation studies confirmed that the developed method is fast, accurate, precise, cost-effective, selective, and useful for routine analysis of vericiguat in tablet dosage forms.
Shubham Mandhare Rahul Godge Akshay Vikhe Shubham Talole Copyright (c) 2024 Shubham Mandhare, Rahul Godge, Akshay Vikhe, Shubham Talole https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 57 67 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.57.67 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/474Background: Glimepiride lowers blood sugar levels in the body, and treats type 2 diabetes mellitus. But the main problem with the drug is its low aqueous solubility. The primary purpose of this study is to increase its solubility in an aqueous medium by using amphiphilic hydrotropic agents instead of harmful, volatile organic solvents. Methodology: A solubility study of Glimepiride was carried out using various hydrotropic agents at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. In mixed hydrography, 30% of the hydrotropic agents were chosen for making blends due to their highest solubility. The blend's solubility was raised more than 50 times at fixed concentrations of urea (20%) and sodium acetate (10%) in a mixed hydrotropic solution. The solubility of Glimepiride in distilled water is 0.0038 mg/ml; in 30% urea, 49.512 ug/ml; and in 30% sodium acetate, 40.43 ug/ml. The optimized blend prepared hydrotropic solid dispersions by physical mixing and solvent evaporation. It was evaluated for drug content, FTIR, SEM, X-ray diffraction, and in vitro drug release studies. Finally, the drug release profile of the prepared tablet is compared with an already available consumer product. Result: HSD-5 showed an in-vitro drug release of 84.77±0.44 at 90 min, which is higher than the remaining formulations, and no significant change was found in drug content or drug release after 15, 30, and 45 days of stability studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed homogenous solid dispersion, crystallinity was determined using X-ray diffraction, and FTIR showed good drug compatibility with carriers. The drug release profile of the prepared tablet was higher than that of the available consumer product. Conclusion: This study revealed that hydrotropic agents can potentially increase glimepiride's solubility and drug release. This approach can effectively enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Devakamma Lakumalla Neeraja Podichety Ravikumar Maddali Copyright (c) 2024 Devakamma Lakumalla, Neeraja Podichety, Ravikumar Maddali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 68 78 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.68.78 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/489Background: Free radicals, harmful by-products of a cell's natural metabolism, are responsible for various health problems. The search for plant-based supplements or medicines is always in high demand, as is the antioxidant activity that contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of plants. Aim: In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of Cassia tora were used for in vitro analysis of their antioxidant activity. Methods: Six separate assay methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity, i.e., against hydroxyl radical, DPPH, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, and also total flavonoid and phenolic content, were investigated. This was done by standardizing hydroalcoholic extract (70/30 ethanol to water) of Cassia tora and ascorbic acid. Results: Percentage scavenging activity and IC50 value were measured for extract prepared at various concentrations. The results IC50 values were 25.54 µg/ml, 45.04 µg/ml, 36.56 µg/ml, and 97.61 µg/ml for DPPH, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide, respectively. Subsequently, the total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extract obtained was 1.927±0.73 mg GAE/gm and 1.018±0.29 mg QE/gm, respectively. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia tora contains more phytoconstituents. This suggests it has a wide range of medicinal antioxidant properties that make it helpful in treating many diseases. With the increasing demand for safer herbal treatments, scientific efforts in this field are making significant contributions and advances and supporting innovation.
Umesh Chaurasia Vishal Soni Ram Kumar Sahu Copyright (c) 2024 Umesh Chaurasia, Vishal Soni, Ram Kumar Sahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 79 87 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.79.87 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/490Background: Appendicitis is an acute and life-threatening situation if not treated promptly encountered in surgery practice. Even today, most cases of appendicitis are diagnosed by clinical findings and imaging. Scanty information is available to diagnose the perforation of the appendix using serological tests; hence, an attempt is made. The present study aimed to find out the correlation of hyperbilirubinemia as a diagnostic predictor for perforation in acute appendicitis patients. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted among patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis attending OPD of the general surgery department of Narayana Medical College Hospital. The duration of the study is between January 2023 and December 2023. A total of 400 patients with a diagnosis of either acute appendicitis or perforation were recruited into the study, and they collected blood samples for estimation of hyperbilirubinemia. Results: In the study population of 400 patients, 72 cases were diagnosed as appendicular perforation, and 328 patients had acute appendicitis. The cut-off value of hyperbilirubinemia was taken as serum bilirubin >1.0 mg/dl. Out of 72 cases of appendicular perforations, 64 patients have hyperbilirubinemia (89%), while in the acute appendicitis patients group, 82 of 328 patients have elevated serum bilirubin (25%). The observed mean values of serum bilirubin in the two groups were 1.74 and 0.89, and the difference in the standard error of the mean value of the two groups is statistically significant at a P-value of <0.001. Conclusions: Patients who presented with acute appendicitis symptoms and had serum bilirubin values >1.0 mg/dl had a higher probability of appendicular perforation. Hence, measuring serum bilirubin can be considered an additional diagnostic tool to existing clinical diagnosis and radiological evaluation for more precision in diagnosis.
Rishi Papanaidu Priyanka Chinta Copyright (c) 2024 Rishi Papanaidu, Priyanka Chinta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 88 92 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.88.92 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/530Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) require effective colon-targeted drug delivery for improved therapeutic efficacy and minimized systemic side effects. Objectives: The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate novel colon-targeted matrix tablet formulations of mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) for the treatment of IBD. Materials and Methods: Mesalamine matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique using pH-sensitive polymers (HPMC K4M) and biodegradable natural polysaccharides (pectin, chitosan, and guar gum). Tablets were characterized for physicochemical properties, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Compatibility studies using FTIR and DSC confirmed no interaction between mesalamine and polymers. The optimized formulations were enteric-coated with Eudragit S100 and ethyl cellulose. Drug release kinetics and stability studies were conducted. Results and Discussion: The uncoated formulations (M3, M6, M7) showed adequate protection against drug release in simulated gastric (0-2 h) and intestinal (2-5 h) fluids. The enteric-coated formulations (ME3, ME6, ME7) exhibited a lag time of around 2 hours and restricted drug release (<5%) in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids up to 5 hours. However, in simulated colonic fluid (pH 6.8) containing 4% rat cecal contents, these formulations showed enhanced drug release (71-83% in 12 h) due to biodegradation of polymeric matrices by colonic enzymes. Drug release kinetics indicated anomalous transport or super case-II transport mechanisms. Stability studies at 40°C/75% RH for 3 months revealed no significant changes. Conclusion: The developed colon-targeted mesalamine matrix tablets demonstrated the potential to protect the drug from release in the upper GIT while facilitating targeted drug delivery to the colon, which could improve therapeutic efficacy and minimize systemic side effects in the treatment of IBD.
Shilpa Sahu Prasanta Kumar Choudhury Gourishyam Pasa Padala Narasimha Murthy Poonam Sahu Renuka Verma Copyright (c) 2024 Shilpa Sahu, Prasanta Kumar Choudhury, Gourishyam Pasa, Padala Narasimha Murthy, Poonam Sahu, Renuka Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 93 108 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.93.108 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/453Background: The current investigation entails the characterization of seven degradation products (DPs) formed in different stress conditions of gilteritinib employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methodology: This study developed a stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for precisely determining gilteritinib in the presence of its process-related impurities in bulk drug and formulation samples. To explore the stability profile of gilteritinib, it was exposed to forced degradation experiments conducted under various conditions, including acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal stress. These experiments revealed the degradation of gilteritinib under basic, acidic, and photolytic conditions, forming seven distinct DPs. Result: The chromatographic resolution of gilteritinib and its impurities along with DPs was effectively achieved using a Waters Symmetry C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using equal volumes of solvent A and B (pH 4.5 phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in 25:75 (v/v) as solvent A, acetonitrile and methanol in 75: 25 (v/v) as solvent B) pumped isocratically at 0.7 mL/min and 230 nm wavelength. The method produces an accurate fit calibration curve in 25-175 μg/mL for gilteritinib and LOQ (0.025 μg/mL) – 0.175 μg/mL for its impurities with acceptable precision, accuracy, and recovery. Conclusion: The efficacy of this method was validated through LC-MS/MS, which allowed for the verification of the chemical structures of newly generated degradation products of gilteritinib. Hence, this method is appropriate for the resolution and evaluation of process-related impurities of gilteritinib and can also be applied for evaluating stress degradation products.
Sreenivasa Rao Katta Immani Ramachandra Rao P Punitha Thota Siva prasad Copyright (c) 2024 Sreenivasa Rao Katta, Immani Ramachandra Rao, P Punitha, Thota Siva prasad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 109 123 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.109.123 https://japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/430Background: Plant solutions or decoctions are fermented with added sugar to create alcoholic remedies like arishta and aasava. Standardizing ayurvedic formulations is essential to assessing the quality of medicine. Objective: Standardisation of Lohasava, which contains iron as a metal and is used as hematinic, has been carried out in the current study. Methods: The standard ayurvedic procedure was used to prepare the aasava formulation. Modern scientific control processes have standardized the formulation for the final products. Organoleptic analysis, phytochemical assessment, and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, specific gravity, viscosity, acid values, total solid content, alcohol content, heavy metal content, and stability studies were used to standardize asava. Additionally, formulations were examined for the presence of pesticides. Using UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis, the iron content was determined. Animal studies were carried out to evaluate pharmacological activity. Results: Physical and chemical parameters were found within limits. The alcohol content of formulations was within limits and indicated good fermentation. Conclusion: The study's findings have revealed good formulation quality and provide a standard for aasava and ayurvedic formulations.
Manisha A. Tayde Yogita G. Ahire Sunita N Mahale Anuja P. Bhosale Sarika V. Patil Copyright (c) 2024 Manisha A. Tayde, Yogita G. Ahire, Sunita N Mahale, Anuja P. Bhosale, Sarika V. Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 12 2 124 130 10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.124.130